Which of the following factors contributes to pro-atherogenic TMAO production in omnivores?

The correct answer highlights the role of lectins and carnitine found in red meat in contributing to pro-atherogenic TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) production. TMAO is a compound formed by gut bacteria that metabolize certain nutrients, particularly those found in animal products. Carnitine, which is abundant in red meat, is converted by gut microbiota to TMA, which then gets converted to TMAO in the liver.

Research has shown that higher levels of TMAO are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is because TMAO can promote the formation of atherosclerosis by contributing to cholesterol deposition in arterial walls. The presence of lectins, which can also have effects on gut health and microbiota composition, can further influence the production of TMAO.

In contrast, whole grains, high levels of vitamin C, and low intake of saturated fats do not contribute to TMAO production in the same way. Whole grains and high vitamin C intake are generally associated with health benefits and can contribute to improved gut microbiota and overall reductions in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Meanwhile, a low intake of saturated fats is linked to reduced heart disease risk, not to the production of pro-